Picture from Fernandez-Abascal J et al. (2022) MicroPubl Biol

Figure 1 Cl- channel CLH-1 is needed in AMsh glia for HCO3- efflux:(A) Schematic representation of the chloride channel CLH-1 in glia and its function. CLH-1 mediates both efflux (big arrowhead) and to a lesser extent influx (small arrowhead) of Cl- and HCO3- thereby regulating the concentration of Cl- and pH both inside and outside of the cell (Grant et al., 2015, Fernandez-Abascal et al., 2021). (B) Representative images of wild type (N2, left column) and clh-1(ok658) mutants (clh-1, right column) expressing the pH sensor Superecliptic pHluorin (pGM87) under the control of the AMsh glia specific promoter pT02B11.3, grown in normal conditions (NGM, top row) or in NGM plates supplemented with 150 mM KHCO3 (bottom row). Scale bar is 50 µm. (C) Violin plots showing the quantification of relative pH inside the AMsh glia as pixel intensity of pGM87 in wild type (red) and clh-1(ok658) mutants (blue) grown on NGM or NGM supplemented with KHCO3 plates. Data were normalized to N2 in NGM conditions. Each data point represents one worm (n= 58, 31, 26 and 74, respectively). Statistics were done by ANOVA followed by Tukey post-test (****p<0.0001).

Picture from Tamas I et al. (2005) BMC Genomics "A combined approach exploring gene function based on worm-human ...."

Figure 4. ZK795.3::GFP reporter expression. Evident in the excretory cell system (panel A) in about 20% of animals, but was always present in the excretory cell (labeled 'ex', panels A and Bi). The anal sphincter and/or depressor cell around the anus ('cl') also expressed GFP (panel Bii), as did the juvenile vulva ('v', panel Biii) and the spermathecae (panel C). Scale bar represents 10 um.

Picture from Tamas I et al. (2005) BMC Genomics "A combined approach exploring gene function based on worm-human ...."

Figure 3. C17E4.3::GFP reporter expression. Present in the head and tail regions of larval stages. Panel Ai shows an overview of an L1 animal, with distinct cells near the anterior pharyngeal bulb as well as in the tail. Close up of the head reveals GFP expressing cells (Panel Bii), including muscle cells located in the posterior pharyngeal bulb (Panel Biv, labeled 'p'). Sheath/socket cells located at the anterior pharyngeal bulb are indicated in panels Biv, Dii and Diii. Dye-filling tests (see Materials and Methods) to stain sensory amphid (head) and phasmid (tail) neurons are shown in panels C and D. The amphids are specifically visualized in panel Civ (red fluorescence), and under an FITC filter in Ciii (yellow fluorescence, not in nucleus) and green with an EGFP filter, and are not the same as the cells expressing the C17E4.3::GFP reporter (arrow in panels Cii and Ciii). In the tail, phasmids (labeled 'ph') are clearly seen in panel Div just below the anus (cl), but are not expressing GFP, which is instead present in several hypodermal cells (arrow panel Diii). Scale bar represent 10 um.

Picture from Lints R et al. (2002) Genes Dev "Regulation of sex-specific differentiation and mating behavior in C. elegans by ...."

Figure 6. mab-23 is required for development of the male proctodeum. (A,C,E) Proctodeum of wild-type,mab-23 and egl-38 adult males. Nomarski micrographs (lateral view; anterior, left; dorsal, up). (A) In wild-type males the vas deferens (vas def.) is devoid of sperm. cl., cloaca (the anus in larval animals); sp., spicules. Inmab-23 (C) and egl-38 (E) males, sperm (arrowhead) accumulates in the vas def. (B) Schematic of L1 male hindgut (lateral view). Black, blast cells; vir, rectal valve cells; rep, rectal epithelial cells (Sulston et al. 1980). (D) Nomarski micrograph of L1 male hindgut (lateral view; anterior,left; dorsal, up). (F) Fluorescent micrograph of D showing MAB-23::GFP in U and two rectal epithelial cells (rec), either K, K.a, K', or repD; gut autofluorescence (white arrowhead). (G,H) Fluorescent micrograph showing plin-48::gfp-expressing hindgut cells in late L4 males (lateral view). U descendents and K'/K.a are located over the posterior end of the gonad (outlined with broken line) in the ventral half of the animal. In wild-type (G), these cells extend anteriorly over the gonad; in mab-23 males (H), these cells show only limited extension. Body outline (solid line), engulfed linker cell corpse inside U.l/rp (l.c). Magnification, 1000x. Bar, 10 μM.

Picture from Mi-Mi L et al. (2012) J Cell Biol "Z-line formins promote contractile lattice growth and maintenance in striated ...."

Figure 3. FHOD-1 localizes close to Z lines in BWM cells. (A) Model of BWM sarcomere organization. Side view of one sarcomere shows that Z-line dense bodies (blue) anchor actin filaments (yellow), and M lines (black) anchor myosin filaments (gray). M lines and dense bodies attach to the plasma membrane, placing the contractile lattice between the membrane and the cell body. In top views, sarcomeres can be seen to combine to form oblique striations, in which rows of dense bodies (blue spots) within the F-actin-rich striations form discontinuous Z lines that alternate with M lines. Striations in turn form the spindle-shaped contractile lattice of BWM cells. At boundaries between BWM cells, attachment plaques (larger dark spots) replace dense bodies (smaller dark spots) as Z-line structures. Myosin filaments have been omitted from striation and BWM models for clarity. (B) Ventral view (anterior to the left) of an FHOD-1::GFP-expressing larva stained with fluorescent phalloidin shows FHOD-1-containing puncta along the edges of F-actin-rich BWM cell contractile lattices (large arrows) and in faint striations across the lattices (small arrows). (C) Ventral view of a wild-type larva stained with anti-FHOD-1 reveals endogenous FHOD-1 in similar puncta (large arrows) and striations (small arrows). (D) Animals double-stained for FHOD-1 and either Z-line marker ATN-1 or DEB-1 show that the formin is closely associated with Z lines. In ventral views or in side views of the discontinuous Z line (xz projection), anti-FHOD-1-stained striations are seen in the contractile lattice (cl) of wild-type but not fhod-1(tm2363) animals, and anti-FHOD-1-stained puncta intermingle with DEB-1-stained attachment plaques (arrows) at the cell edge. Staining of the cell body (cb in xz view) or of an elongated structure that parallels BWMs (bottom, arrowheads) is nonspecific. (E) FHOD-1 striations alternate with MYO-3 striations. (F) Anti-GFP-stained striations in FHOD-1::GFP-expressing animals partially overlap with UNC-60B. (G) Proximal to the plasma membrane, LIM-8 occupies two sets of striations, one near Z lines and a fainter one near M lines (arrows), whereas distal to the membrane, LIM-8 detectable near Z lines strongly comingles with FHOD-1::GFP. (H) Worms stained with anti-FHOD-1 and two secondary antibodies with different fluorophores show extensive, but imperfect, comingling of signal along FHOD-1 striations. Bars: (B) 10 um; (C) 25 um; (D-H) 5 um.