Picture from Chen L et al. (2011) Neuron "A RasGRP, C. elegans RGEF-1b, couples external stimuli to behavior by activating ...."

Figure 2. The rgef-1 Promoter Is Active in Neurons An rgef-1::GFP transgene was expressed in C. elegans. Accumulation of GFP was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. (A), (C), and (E) show GFP fluorescence; (B), (D), and (F) are corresponding phase micrographs. (A) and (C) show the rgef-1 promoter is active throughout the nervous system. GFP is evident in head neurons (H), nerve ring (NR), tail neurons (T), and nerve cord (NC). (E) rgef-1 promoter activity is initially observed in late embryos.

Picture from Chen L et al. (2024) MicroPubl Biol "The AFD-expressed SRTX-1 GPCR does not contribute to AFD thermosensory ...."

Figure 1. The SRTX-1 GPCR does not regulate thermosensory responses in AFD: A) Normalized read counts of the indicated genes from AFD samples obtained via TRAP-Seq (Harris et al., 2023) after cultivation at the indicated conditions. Animals were raised at 20°C until the L4 stage, then shifted to 15°C or 25°C overnight, or to 25°C for 1-4 hrs (Harris et al., 2023 and unpublished). Normalized counts were calculated in R by DESEQ2 using counts (dds, normalized=TRUE) (Love et al., 2014). ins-39 encodes an insulin/IGF peptide hormone (Servello et al., 2022); dac-1 encodes the C. elegans ortholog of the DACH1/2 Dachsund transcription factor (Colosimo et al., 2004); ttx-1 encodes an OTX homeodomain transcription factor (Satterlee et al., 2001).B) Mean thermotaxis bias of animals of the indicated genotypes grown at 15°C on a thermal gradient set at 19°C-24°C. Thermotaxis bias: (run duration toward colder side - run duration toward warmer side)/total run duration. Each circle is the thermotaxis bias of a biologically independent assay composed of 15 animals. *** indicates different at P<0.001 from wild-type (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's correction); ns - not significant. OE - overexpression under the ttx-1 promoter. AFDp::GCaMP refers to strain DCR3055 (see Table 1).C) Quantification of assay endpoints relative to starting position of animals of the indicated genotypes grown at 15°C and shifted to 25°C for 4 hrs prior to being placed on a gradient set at 19°C-23°C. Each circle is the average endpoint distance of all animals in a single assay comprised of 15 animals. * and ** indicate different at P<0.05 and 0.01, respectively from wild-type (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's correction); ns - not significant. OE - overexpression under the ttx-1 promoter. AFDp::GCaMP refers to strain DCR3055 (see Table 1).D) Average GCaMP6s fluorescence changes in animals of the indicated genotypes grown at the shown temperature conditions in response to a rising temperature ramp (green) at 0.05°C/s. Shaded regions are SEM.E, F) T*AFD (E) and maximum response amplitudes (F) calculated from the traces shown in D. Each circle is the measurement from a single AFD neuron. *, **, and *** different from corresponding wild-type at P<0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 respectively (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's correction); ns - not significant.Vertical and horizontal lines in all scatter plots indicate mean and SD, respectively. Behavioral and calcium imaging data shown are from at least two independent days each.

Picture from Chen L et al. (2001) J Cell Biol "LAD-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans L1CAM homologue, participates in embryonic ...."

Figure 2. LAD-1 is localized to the plasma membrane at sites of cell-cell contact in all cells throughout development. (A, i) An immunoblot of total C. elegans lysates reveals four major LAD-1 polypeptides (200, 185, 120, and 65 kD) that were detected by a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against the LAD-1 cytoplasmic domain (lane 2). The lower bands are not LAD-1 related, since they are also recognized by 125 I-labeled protein A (lane 3). (Lane 1) Coomassie blue staining of total C. elegans lysate. Equivalent lysate amounts. (ii) nDf41 homozygous embryos, which contains the lad-1 gene, show LAD-1 immunodetection (green) unlike stDf7 homozygous embryos, which lack the lad-1 gene; only control antibody staining of JAM-1 is seen in red (iii). B and C show immunodetection of LAD-1 in embryos. (B) LAD-1 is localized to sites of cell-cell contact, including the partial plasma membrane of a developing two-cell staged embryo (arrow). A one-cell embryo, which lacks contact sites, does not show LAD-1 localization (arrowhead). (C) LAD-1 is found in the developing nervous system (arrow) with robust LAD-1 staining in the nerve ring, the major C. elegans neuropil (arrowhead). D and E show LAD-1 expression in multiple tissues in a larva and adult, respectively. LAD-1 is present in the nerve ring and ventral nerve cord (D, arrowhead) and in the hypodermis (skin cells) (D, arrows), the plasma membrane of body wall muscles (F, arrow), neuronal cell bodies (G, long arrow), dendrites (G, arrowhead), and the pharynx (G, short arrow). LAD-1 is also present in the syncytial germline where its localization at contact sites is maintained. A schematic of the C. elegans germline is shown in H: arrowheads point to oocytes and arrows point to germ nuclei. The cross section of the cylindrical gonad reveals a single layer of germ nuclei around a cytoplasmic core with T-shaped membranes between each nucleus. In a grazing section of the germline shown in I, LAD-1 is localized at oocyte-oocyte contact (arrowhead) and only the vertical part of the T-shaped membrane, which divides two neighboring germline nuclei (arrows). The top of the T does not show LAD-1 localization. Bars: (A) 20 um; (B-I) 25 um.

Picture from Chen L et al. (2008) Curr Biol "ced-4 and proto-oncogene tfg-1 antagonistically regulate cell size and ...."

Figure 2. Intracellular Localization of TFG-1. (A) An example of TFG-1 staining in the embryo.(B) TFG-1 is undetectable in tfg-1(RNAi) embryos.(C) The DAPI image of the embryo in panel B.(D-F) TFG-1 partially colocalizes with mitochondria, marked with anti-COX-1 antibody. (D) An embryo stained with anti-TFG-1 antibody. (E) The same embryo stained with anti-COX-1 antibody. (F) The merged image of panels D and E.

Picture from Chen L et al. (2025) MicroPubl Biol "Two K2P Channels, TWK-46 and TWK-26 do not affect C. elegans Egg-Laying ...."

Figure 1. Characterization of egg-laying behavior in two C. elegans K2P channel mutants: A. Graphic representation of CRISPR full knockout alleles of twk-26(ibt22) and twk-46(ibt17) (scale bar: 100bp). B. Quantification of the number of eggs laid on food within 2 hours (N2: n=69; twk-26: n=70; twk-46: n=61 animals) and off food within 1 hour (N2: n=55; twk-26: n=63; twk-46: n=62 animals). Statistical significance was evaluated using a one-way ANOVA test, ns: p>0.05. C. Quantification of the number of unlaid eggs within uterus (N2: n=72; twk-26: n=71; twk-46: n=70 animals). Statistical significance (one-way ANOVA test), ns: p>0.05. D. Quantitative analysis of the timing of egg-laying events. Individual animals were tracked on food for 6 hours, and the intervals between egg-laying events were measured. The left panel represents the histogram of log intervals of 10 individual animals of each genotype, with the maximum likelihood estimation (Waggoner et al., 1998; Zhou et al, 1998) of intra- and inter-cluster time constants as well as three parameters of the two-state egg-laying model (p: probability of egg-laying events during active egg-laying phase, λ1: rate constant of inactive egg-laying phase, and λ2: rate constant of active egg-laying phase). The blue and green dashed lines indicate the intra- and inter-cluster time constants, respectively. The right panel plots the inter- and inter-cluster time constants determined by the same method per individual animal. Estimated parameters were not statistically different between genotypes according to Brown-Forsythe and Welch ANOVA, with Dunnett's post-hoc test. E. Quantification of the number of laid eggs in response to different exogenous serotonin concentrations within 1 hour in the absence of food (n=15 animals for each genotype). Significance was tested using an Aligned Ranked two-way ANOVA test, ns: p>0.05. For all graphs, error bars represent standard error of the mean (SEM).

Picture from Hao L et al. (2006) BMC Genomics "Comprehensive analysis of gene expression patterns of hedgehog-related ...."

(L) Pgrl-6::GFP is expressed in the PVT neuron.

Picture from Munro E et al. (2004) Dev Cell "Cortical flows powered by asymmetrical contraction transport PAR proteins to ...."

(J-L) Embryos fixed at metaphase and costained for NMY-2 and PAR-3.

Picture from Yin J et al. (2017) J Cell Biol "GOP-1 promotes apoptotic cell degradation by activating the small GTPase Rab2 in ...."

(J-L") Confocal fluorescence images in wild type coexpressing GFP::GOP-1and markers of different organelles including Cherry::RAB-5 (J-J", early endosome), Cherry::RAB-7 (K-K", late endosome), or NUC-1::Cherry (L-L", lysosome). White arrowheads, vesicles with overlapping GFP and Cherry fluorescence; pink arrowheads, GFP- and Cherry-positive vesicles that are in closeproximity; yellow arrowheads, GFP-positive and Cherry-negative puncta. Quantification is shown at right (mean +- SD). Bars: (A-I') 10 um; (J-L") 5 um.

Picture from Tian Y et al. (2010) Cell "C. elegans screen identifies autophagy genes specific to multicellular ...."

(G-L) The epg-4 reporter is expressed ubiquitously in embryos (H) and widely in larvae (I). EPG-4::GFP colocalizes with the ER marker cherry::TRAM-1 (J-L). (G) Nomarski image of the embryo in H.

Picture from Pujol N et al. (2001) J Biol Chem "The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-32 gene encodes alternative forms of a vacuolar ...."

In situ hybridization images on embryonic, larval, and adult worms with vha-6 (I-L) are shown. vha-6 is expressed only in the intestine, from the embryonic coma stage (I) through larvae (J and K) and adult (L).